Guarino M, Cossiga V, Morisco F. The interpretation of liver function tests in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;44–45:101667.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morton A, Laurie J, Hill J. Portal hypertension in pregnancy – concealed perils. Obstet Med. 2018;13:142–4.

Milić S, Tatalović T, Mikolašević I. Pre-existing liver disease in pregnancy: cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis and liver transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;44–45:101668.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal N, Negi N, Aggarwal A, Bodh V, Dhiman RK. Pregnancy with portal hypertension. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:163–71.

Britton RC. Pregnancy and esophageal varices. Am J Surg. 1982;143:421–5.

Pajor A, Lehoczky D. Pregnancy and extrahepatic portal hypertension. Review and report on the management. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1990;30:193–7.

Russell MA, Craigo SD. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 1998;22:156–65.

Pint D, Chung Y, Heneghan MA. Portal hypertension in pregnancy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2025;41:110–5.

Benjaminov FS, Heathcote J. Liver disease in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2479–88.

Smith JL, Graham DY. Variceal hemorrhage: a critical evaluation of survival analysis. Gastroenterology. 1982;82 (5 Pt 1):968–73.

Bergman JEH, Lutke LR, Gans ROB, et al. Beta-blocker use in pregnancy and risk of specific congenital anomalies: a European case-malformed control study. Drug Saf. 2017;41:415–27.

de Bruin R, van Dalen SL, Franx SJ, et al. The risk for neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia after beta-blocker use during pregnancy or lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:9616.

Kayser A, Beck E, Hoeltzenbein M, et al. Neonatal effects of intrauterine metoprolol/bisoprolol exposure during the second and third trimester: a cohort study with two comparison groups. J Hypertens. 2020;38:354–61.

Kumar N, Kumar P, Harris N, Monga R, Sampath V. Impact of maternal HbA1c levels ≤6% and race in nondiabetic pregnancies on birthweight and early neonatal hypoglycemia. J Pediatr. 2020;227:121-7.e3.

Mazkereth R, Maayan-Metzger A, Leibovitch L, Schushan-Eisen I, Morag I, Straus T. Short-term neonatal outcome among term infants after in-utero exposure to beta blockers. Isr Med Assoc J. 2019;21:724–7.

Ramlakhan KP, Roos-Hesselink JW, Basso T, et al. Perinatal outcomes after in-utero exposure to beta-blockers in women with heart disease: Data from the ESC EORP registry of pregnancy and cardiac disease (ROPAC). Int J Cardiol. 2024;1:132234.

Goel A, Elias JE, Eapen CE, Ramakrishna B, Elias E. Idiopathic non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension (NCIPH)—newer insights into pathogenesis and emerging newer treatment options. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:247–56.

de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C, Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;4:959–74.

Article  Google Scholar 

Organization WH. WHO recommendations on interventions to improve preterm birth outcomes [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/183037. Accessed 01.08.2025.

Sarin SK, Kumar A. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis. 2006;10:627–51, x.

Khanna R, Sarin SK. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension: current and emerging perspectives. Clin Liver Dis. 2019;23:781–807.

Goel A, Madhu K, Zachariah U, et al. A study of aetiology of portal hypertension in adults (including the elderly) at a tertiary centre in southern India. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:922–7.

Simon EG, Joseph AJ, George B, et al. Aetiology of paediatric portal hypertension – experience of a tertiary care centre in South India. Trop Doct. 2009;39:42–4.

Giri S, Sahoo S. Pregnancy in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: a literature review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2022;44:609–13.

Kochhar R, Kumar S, Goel RC, Sriram PV, Goenka MK, Singh K. Pregnancy and its outcome in patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1356–61.

Keepanasseril A, Gupta A, Ramesh D, Kothandaraman K, Jeganathan YS, Maurya DK. Maternal-fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: experience from a Tertiary Centre in South India. Hepatol Int. 2020;14:842–9.

Subbaiah M, Kumar S, Roy KK, Sharma JB, Singh N. Extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction in pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;54:394–7.

Aggarwal N, Chopra S, Raveendran A, Suri V, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. Extra hepatic portal vein obstruction and pregnancy outcome: largest reported experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011;37:575–80.

Andrade F, Shukla A, Bureau C, et al. Pregnancy in idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: a multicentric study on maternal and fetal management and outcome. J Hepatol. 2018;69:1242–9.

Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G, Williamson C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:933–45.

Alexander V, Benjamin SJ, Subramani K, Sathyendra S, Goel A. Acute liver failure in pregnancy. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2024;43:325–37.

Shaheen AAM, Myers RP. The outcomes of pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study. Liver Int. 2010;30:275–83.

Gala AR, Surapaneni T, Aziz N, Kallur SD. A review of outcomes in pregnant women with portal hypertension. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2018;68:447–51.

Puljic A, Salati J, Doss A, Caughey AB. Outcomes of pregnancies complicated by liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or esophageal varices. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29:506–9.

Sarkar M, Brady CW, Fleckenstein J, et al. Reproductive health and liver disease: practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;73:318–65.

van der Slink LL, Scholten I, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Takkenberg RB, Painter RC. Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is associated with increased risk for complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. BJOG. 2022;129:1644–52.

Ludvigsson JF, Lebwohl B, Ekbom A, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies for women undergoing endoscopy while they were pregnant: a nationwide cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:554–63.e9.

Research C for DE and. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. FDA [Internet]. 2019 Jun 18 [cited 2024 December 18]; Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-review-results-new-warnings-about-using-general-anesthetics-and. Accessed 01.08.2025.

Martinez A, Lakkimsetti M, Maharjan S, et al. Beta-blockers and their current role in maternal and neonatal health: a narrative review of the literature. Cureus. 2023;15:e44043. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44043.

van de Vusse D, Mian P, Schoenmakers S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the most commonly used antihypertensive drugs throughout pregnancy methyldopa, labetalol, and nifedipine: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78:1763–76.

de Bruin R, van Dalen SL, Franx SJ, Simons SH, Flint RB, van den Bosch GE. Risk for neonatal hypoglycaemia and bradycardia after beta-blocker use during pregnancy or lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e055292.

Duan L, Ng A, Chen W, Spencer HT, Lee M. Beta-blocker subtypes and risk of low birth weight in newborns. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20:1603–9.

Williamson C, Nana M, Poon L, et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. J Hepatol. 2023;79:768–828.

Bratton S, Taylor MK, Cortez P, Schiattarella A, Fochesato C, Sisti G. Does atenolol use during pregnancy cause small for gestational age neonates? A meta-analysis. J Perinat Med. 2024;52:858–62.

Alrabadi B, Al Kayed HA, Alshujaieh N, Saadeh A, Khanfar R. Impact of beta-blocker therapy on pregnant women with long QT syndrome: a systematic review. Cureus. 2024;16:e71678.

Shukla A, Rockey DC, Kamath PS, et al. Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis/idiopathic portal hypertension: APASL recommendations for diagnosis and management. Hepatol Int. 2024;18:1684–711.