Marder SR, Cannon TD, Schizophrenia (2019) N Engl J Med 381(18):1753–1761

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai W, Liu ZH, Jiang YY, Zhang QE, Rao WW, Cheung T et al (2021) Worldwide prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide plan among people with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological surveys. Transl Psychiatry 11(1):552

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He H, Liu Q, Li N, Guo L, Gao F, Bai L et al (2020) Trends in the incidence and DALYs of schizophrenia at the global, regional and national levels: results from the global burden of Disease Study 2017. Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci 29:e91

Article  Google Scholar 

Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. (2022) The Lancet Psychiatry. 9(2):137–150

WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee (2021); 2021

Zhou M, He G, Liu Y, Yin P, Li Y, Kan H et al (2015) The associations between ambient air pollution and adult respiratory mortality in 32 major Chinese cities, 2006–2010. Environ Res 137:278–286

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD (2018) Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(17):2054–2070

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zundel CG, Ryan P, Brokamp C, Heeter A, Huang Y, Strawn JR, Marusak HA (2022) Air pollution, depressive and anxiety disorders, and brain effects: a systematic review. Neurotoxicology 93:272–300

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fordyce TA, Leonhard MJ, Chang ET (2018) A critical review of developmental exposure to particulate matter, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Environ Sci Health Part Toxic/hazardous Substances Environ Eng 53(2):174–204

CAS  Google Scholar 

Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, De Matteis S, Jung SH, Mortimer K et al (2019) Air Pollution and Noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, Part 2: Air Pollution and Organ systems. Chest 155(2):417–426

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K (2012) The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J Toxicol 2012:782462

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hahad O, Lelieveld J, Birklein F, Lieb K, Daiber A, Münzel T (2020) Ambient air Pollution increases the risk of Cerebrovascular and Neuropsychiatric disorders through induction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 21(12)

Eguchi R, Onozuka D, Ikeda K, Kuroda K, Ieiri I, Hagihara A (2018) The relationship between fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and schizophrenia severity. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 91(5):613–622

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song R, Liu L, Wei N, Li X, Liu J, Yuan J et al (2022) Short-term exposure to air pollution is an emerging but neglected risk factor for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ:158823

Yin P, Brauer M, Cohen AJ, Wang H, Li J, Burnett RT et al (2020) The effect of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across China and its provinces, 1990–2017: an analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Planet Health 4(9):e386–e98

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deng Q, Wei Y, Chen L, Liang W, Du J, Tan Y, Zhao Y (2019) Relationship between Air Pollution and Regional Longevity in Guangxi, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(19)

Do HN, Nguyen AT, Nguyen HQT, Bui TP, Nguyen QV, Tran NTT et al (2020) Depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and Mental Health Service Use of Industrial Workers: evidence from Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(8)

Pan R, Zhang X, Gao J, Yi W, Wei Q, Xu Z et al (2019) Impacts of heat and cold on hospitalizations for schizophrenia in Hefei, China: an assessment of disease burden. Sci Total Environ 694:133582

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altman DG, Bland JM (2003) Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ (Clinical Res ed) 326(7382):219

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao Q, Xu Q, Guo X, Fan H, Zhu H (2017) Particulate matter air pollution associated with hospital admissions for mental disorders: a time-series study in Beijing, China. Eur Psychiatry: J Association Eur Psychiatrists 44:68–75

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Qiu H, Zhu X, Wang L, Pan J, Pu X, Zeng X et al (2019) Attributable risk of hospital admissions for overall and specific mental disorders due to particulate matter pollution: a time-series study in Chengdu, China. Environ Res 170:230–237

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang P, Zhou X (2020) Health and economic impacts of particulate matter pollution on hospital admissions for mental disorders in Chengdu, Southwestern China. Sci Total Environ 733:139114

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang Z, Xu C, Cao Y, Kan HD, Chen RJ, Yao CY et al (1987) The association between short-term ambient air pollution and daily outpatient visits for schizophrenia: A hospital-based study. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 2019;244:102-8

Bai L, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Su H (2020) Durational effect of particulate matter air pollution wave on hospital admissions for schizophrenia. Environ Res 187:109571

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji Y, Liu B, Song J, Pan R, Cheng J, Wang H, Su H (2022) Short-term effects and economic burden assessment of ambient air pollution on hospitalizations for schizophrenia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(30):45449–45460

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai L, Jiang Y, Wang K, Xie C, Yan H, You Y et al (2024) Ambient air Pollution and hospitalizations for Schizophrenia in China. JAMA Netw Open 7(10):e2436915

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nobile F, Forastiere A, Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Stafoggia M (2023) Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of mental disorders. A large longitudinal cohort study of adults within an urban area. Environ Int 181:108302

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antonsen S, Mok PLH, Webb RT, Mortensen PB, McGrath JJ, Agerbo E et al (2020) Exposure to air pollution during childhood and risk of developing schizophrenia: a national cohort study. Lancet Planet Health 4(2):e64–e73

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lary DJ, Lary T, Sattler B (2015) Using machine learning to Estimate Global PM2.5 for Environmental Health studies. Environ Health Insights 9(Suppl 1):41–52

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qiu X, Danesh-Yazdi M, Wei Y, Di Q, Just A, Zanobetti A et al (2022) Associations of short-term exposure to air pollution and increased ambient temperature with psychiatric hospital admissions in older adults in the USA: a case-crossover study. Lancet Planet Health 6(4):e331–e41

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jayaraj RL, Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Block ML (2017) Outdoor Ambient Air Pollution and neurodegenerative diseases: the Neuroinflammation hypothesis. Curr Environ Health Rep 4(2):166–179

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen JL, Oberdorster G, Morris-Schaffer K, Wong C, Klocke C, Sobolewski M et al (2017) Developmental neurotoxicity of inhaled ambient ultrafine particle air pollution: parallels with neuropathological and behavioral features of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurotoxicology 59:140–154

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, Nelson RJ (2011) Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Mol Psychiatry 16(10):987–995 73

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suzuki T, Oshio S, Iwata M, Saburi H, Odagiri T, Udagawa T et al (2010) In utero exposure to a low concentration of diesel exhaust affects spontaneous locomotor activity and monoaminergic system in male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao J, Wei Q, Pan R, Yi W, Xu Z, Duan J et al (2021) Elevated environmental PM(2.5) increases risk of schizophrenia relapse: mediation of inflammatory cytokines. Sci Total Environ 753:142008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costa LG, Cole TB, Coburn J, Chang YC, Dao K, Roqué PJ (2017) Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution. Neurotoxicology 59:133–139

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heyer DB, Meredith RM (2017) Environmental toxicology: sensitive periods of development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurotoxicology 58:23–41