Bills, D. A., Handelman, C. S. & BeGole, E. A. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction. Angle Orthod. 75, 333–339 (2005).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jayaratne, Y. S., Zwahlen, R. A., Lo, J. & Cheung, L. K. Facial soft tissue response to anterior segmental osteotomies: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 39, 1050–1058 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamel, A. M. et al. Dentofacial effects of miniscrew-anchored maxillary protraction on prepubertal children with maxillary deficiency: a randomized controlled trial. Prog. Orthod. 24, 22 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoyte, T., Ali, A. & Bearn, D. Prevalence of bimaxillary protrusion: a systematic review. Open J. Epidemiol. 11, 37–46 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Alhammadi, M. S., Halboub, E., Fayed, M. S., Labib, A. & El-Saaidi, C. Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a systematic review. Dent. Press J. Orthod. 23, 40.e41–40.e10 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ito, A. et al. Three-dimensional morphologic analysis of the maxillary alveolar bone after anterior tooth retraction with temporary anchorage devices. Angle Orthod. 93, 667–674 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao, T. et al. Impact of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea on the development of class II hyperdivergent patients receiving orthodontic treatment: (a pilot study). Angle Orthod. 88, 560–566 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajandram, R. K., Ponnuthurai, L., Mugunam, K. & Chan, Y. S. Management of bimaxillary protrusion. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North Am. 35, 23–35 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo, R. et al. Long-term bone remodeling of maxillary anterior teeth with post-treatment alveolar bone defect in adult patients with maxillary protrusion: a prospective follow-up study. Prog. Orthod. 24, 36 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tawfik, M. G. Y., Izzat Bakhit, D., El Sharaby, F. A., Moustafa, Y. A. & Dehis, H. M. Evaluation of the rate of anterior segment retraction in orthodontic patients with bimaxillary protrusion using friction vs frictionless mechanics: a single-center, single-blind randomized clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 92, 738–745 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaida, L. L., Negrutiu, B. M., Zetu, I. N., Moca, A. E. & Bran, S. Substantial improvements in facial morphology through surgical-orthodontic treatment: a case report and literature review. Medicina (Kaunas) 58 (2022).

Al-Rokhami, R. K. et al. Proximity of upper central incisors to incisive canal among subjects with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 92, 529–536 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh, S. P. & Verma, S. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 51, 141–142 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, R. et al. Severe skeletal bimaxillary protrusion treated with micro-implants and a self-made four-curvature torquing auxiliary: a case report. World J. Clin. Cases 9, 722–735 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alhammadi, M. S. et al. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review. Clin. Oral. Investig. 26, 6443–6455 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen, L. et al. Beyond smiles: static expressions in maxillary protrusion and associated positivity. Front. Psychol. 12, 514016 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alkan, O., Kaya, Y., Tunca, M. & Keskin, S. Changes in the gingival thickness and keratinized gingival width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 91, 459–467 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo, X., Huang, H., Yin, X., Shi, B. & Li, J. Functional stability analyses of maxillofacial skeleton bearing cleft deformities. Sci. Rep. 9, 4261 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Villela, H. M. Treatment of bimaxillary protrusion using intra- and extra-alveolar miniscrews associated to self-ligating brackets system. Dent. Press J. Orthod. 25, 66–84 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hong, S. Y. et al. Alveolar bone remodeling during maxillary incisor intrusion and retraction. Prog. Orthod. 20, 47 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackerman, J. L. & Proffit, W. R. The characteristics of malocclusion: a modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am. J. Orthod. 56, 443–454 (1969).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, R. W. et al. Relationship between surface facial dimensions and upper airway structures in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 33, 1249–1254 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moss, M. L. & Salentijn, L. The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am. J. Orthod. 55, 566–577 (1969).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moss, M. L. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 1. The role of mechanotransduction. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 112, 8–11 (1997).

Article  Google Scholar 

Fernandes, P., Pinto, J. & Ustrell-Torrent, J. Relationship between oro and nasopharynx permeability and the direction of facial growth. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 18, 37–40 (2017).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghorbanyjavadpour, F. & Rakhshan, V. Factors associated with the beauty of soft-tissue profile. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 155, 832–843 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hansen, C., Markstrom, A. & Sonnesen, L. Specific dento-craniofacial characteristics in non-syndromic children can predispose to sleep-disordered breathing. Acta Paediatr. 111, 473–477 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoon, A. et al. A roadmap of craniofacial growth modification for children with sleep-disordered breathing: a multidisciplinary proposal. Sleep 46, zsad095 (2023).

Grubb, J. & Evans, C. Orthodontic management of dentofacial skeletal deformities. Clin. Plast. Surg. 34, 403–415 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong, X. et al. Distribution of various maxilla-mandibular positions and cephalometric comparison in chinese skeletal class II malocclusions. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 21, 822–828 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mah, M., Tan, W. C., Ong, S. H., Chan, Y. H. & Foong, K. Three-dimensional analysis of the change in the curvature of the smiling line following orthodontic treatment in incisor class II division 1 malocclusion. Eur. J. Orthod. 36, 657–664 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oueis, R., Waite, P. D., Wang, J. & Kau, C. H. Orthodontic-orthognathic management of a patient with skeletal class II with bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by vertical maxillary excess: a multi-faceted case report of difficult treatment management issues. Int. Orthod. 18, 178–190 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung, C. H. & Wong, W. W. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal class II subjects: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 122, 619–626 (2002).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y. et al. The effect of orthodontic vertical control on the changes in the upper airway size and tongue and hyoid position in adult patients with hyperdivergent skeletal class II. BMC Oral. Health 22, 532 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hourfar, J., Kinzinger, G. S. M., Frye, L. & Lisson, J. A. Outcome differences after orthodontic camouflage treatment in hypo- and hyperdivergent patients - a retrospective cephalometric investigation. Clin. Oral. Investig. 27, 7307–7318 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liaw, J. J. L. & Park, J. H. Orthodontic considerations in hypodivergent craniofacial patterns. J. World Fed. Orthod. 13, 18–24 (2024).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ning, R., Guo, J., Li, Q. & Martin, D. Maxillary width and hard palate thickness in men and women with different vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 159, 564–573 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar