Kassander P (1958) Asymptomatic gastric retention in diabetics (gastroparesis diabeticorum). Ann Intern Med 48(4):797–812. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-48-4-797

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bharucha AE, Batey-Schaefer B, Cleary PA, Murray JA, Cowie C, Lorenzi G, Driscoll M, Harth J, Larkin M, Christofi M, Bayless M, Wimmergren N, Herman W, Whitehouse F, Jones K, Kruger D, Martin C, Ziegler G, Zinsmeister AR, Nathan DM, … Diabetes Control and Complications Trial–Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group (2015) Delayed gastric emptying is associated with early and long-term hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology, 149(2), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.007

Goyal RK (2021) Gastric emptying abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 384(18):1742–1751. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2020927

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Block CE, De Leeuw IH, Pelckmans PA, Van Gaal LF (2006) Current concepts in gastric motility in diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2(1):113–130. https://doi.org/10.2174/157339906775473662

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woodhouse S, Hebbard G, Knowles SR (2017) Psychological controversies in gastroparesis: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 23(7):1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i7.1298

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gong JY, Sivaratnam D, Armstrong E, Hebbard GS, Brett AJ, Fourlanos S (2023) Underutilisation of gastric emptying studies and underrecognition of gastroparesis in people with diabetes treated in a hospital setting. Intern Med J 53(9):1697–1700. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.16221

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choung RS, Locke GR 3rd, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd, Talley NJ (2012) Risk of gastroparesis in subjects with type 1 and 2 diabetes in the general population. Am J Gastroenterol 107(1):82–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.310

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camilleri M, Parkman HP, Shafi MA, Abell TL, Gerson L, American College of Gastroenterology (2013) Clinical guideline: management of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 108(1):18–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.373

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petri M, Singh I, Baker C, Underkofler C, Rasouli N (2021) Diabetic gastroparesis: An overview of pathogenesis, clinical presentation and novel therapies, with a focus on ghrelin receptor agonists. J Diabetes Complications 35(2):107733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107733

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albibi R, McCallum RW (1983) Metoclopramide: pharmacology and clinical application. Ann Intern Med 98(1):86–95. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-1-86

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patterson D, Abell T, Rothstein R, Koch K, Barnett J (1999) A double-blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 94(5):1230–1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00456.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drolet B, Rousseau G, Daleau P, Cardinal R, Turgeon J (2000) Domperidone should not be considered a no-risk alternative to cisapride in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Circulation 102(16):1883–1885. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.102.16.1883

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janssens J, Peeters TL, Vantrappen G, Tack J, Urbain JL, De Roo M, Muls E, Bouillon R (1990) Improvement of gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis by erythromycin. Preliminary studies. New Engl J Med 322(15):1028–1031. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199004123221502

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richards RD, Davenport K, McCallum RW (1993) The treatment of idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis with acute intravenous and chronic oral erythromycin. Am J Gastroenterol 88(2):203–207

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman M, Smith HJ (1987) Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying of indigestible solids in patients with gastroparesis diabeticorum. A comparison with metoclopramide and placebo. Gastroenterology 92(1):171–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(87)90854-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wysowski DK, Corken A, Gallo-Torres H, Talarico L, Rodriguez EM (2001) Postmarketing reports of QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia in association with cisapride and Food and Drug Administration regulatory actions. Am J Gastroenterol 96(6):1698–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03927.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horowitz M, Maddox A, Harding PE, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE, Wishart J, Shearman DJ (1987) Effect of cisapride on gastric and esophageal emptying in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 92(6):1899–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(87)90622-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Havelund T, Oster-Jørgensen E, Eshøj O, Larsen ML, Lauritsen K (1987) Effects of cisapride on gastroparesis in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A double-blind controlled trial. Acta Med Scand 222(4):339–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb10681.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brogna A, Ferrara R, Scornavacca G, Lombardo A, Bucceri A, Catalano F, Paradisi V, Onorato S (1989) Cisapride and gastric emptying of a solid meal in dyspeptic diabetics without autonomic neuropathy and in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37(4):411–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00558512

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Caestecker JS, Ewing DJ, Tothill P, Clarke BF, Heading RC (1989) Evaluation of oral cisapride and metoclopramide in diabetic autonomic neuropathy: an eight-week double-blind crossover study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 3(1):69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1989.tb00192.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wehrmann T, Lembcke B, Caspary WF (1991) Influence of cisapride on antroduodenal motor function in healthy subjects and diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 5(6):599–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00528.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McHugh S, Lico S, Diamant NE (1992) Cisapride vs metoclopramide. An acute study in diabetic gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 37(7):997–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01300277

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Guillausseau PJ, Bayle M, Chagnon S, Caulin C, Sallenave JR (1992) Simultaneous noninvasive evaluation of gastric emptying and orocaecal transit times. Use in studying the actions of cisapride in diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43(2):121–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740656

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richards RD, Valenzuela GA, Davenport KG, Fisher KL, McCallum RW (1993) Objective and subjective results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using cisapride to treat gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 38(5):811–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295905

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stacher G, Schernthaner G, Francesconi M, Kopp HP, Bergmann H, Stacher-Janotta G, Weber U (1999) Cisapride versus placebo for 8 weeks on glycemic control and gastric emptying in insulin-dependent diabetes: a double blind cross-over trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(7):2357–2362. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.7.5859

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borovicka J, Lehmann R, Kunz P, Fraser R, Kreiss C, Crelier G, Boesiger P, Spinas GA, Fried M, Schwizer W (1999) Evaluation of gastric emptying and motility in diabetic gastroparesis with magnetic resonance imaging: effects of cisapride. Am J Gastroenterol 94(10):2866–2873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01392.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horowitz M, Jones KL, Harding PE, Wishart JM (2002) Relationship between the effects of cisapride on gastric emptying and plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic gastroparesis. Digestion 65(1):41–46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000051930

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehmann R, Honegger RA, Feinle C, Fried M, Spinas GA, Schwizer W (2003) Glucose control is not improved by accelerating gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and gastroparesis. A pilot study with cisapride as a model drug. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 111(5):255–261. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-41283

Article  CAS  PubMed