Nelson HD, Haney EM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Chou R (2010) Screening for osteoporosis: an update for the U.S. Preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 153(2):99–111. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-00262

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arceo-Mendoza RM, Camacho P (2015) Prediction of fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis: a brief review. Womens Health (Lond) 11(4):477–482 quiz 483–484. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.15.14

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salari N, Darvishi N, Bartina Y et al (2021) Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 16(1):669. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02821-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359(9321):1929–1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08761-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

(2016) Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 387(10027):1513–1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM et al (2021) Screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 326(8):736–743. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.12531

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shirvani T, Javadivala Z, Azimi S et al (2021) Community-based educational interventions for prevention of type II diabetes: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 10(1):81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01619-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan J, Jia P, Zhou JB (2022) Comparison of bone mineral density in US adults with diabetes, prediabetes and normoglycemia from 2005 to 2018. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:890053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.890053

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu B, Liu J, Pan J, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zhang Q (2023) The association of diabetes status and bone mineral density among US adults: evidence from NHANES 2005–2018. BMC Endocr Disord 23(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01266-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cui R, Zhou L, Li Z, Li Q, Qi Z, Zhang J (2016) Assessment risk of osteoporosis in Chinese people: relationship among body mass index, serum lipid profiles, blood glucose, and bone mineral density. Clin Interv Aging 11:887–895. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S103845

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Naseri A, Shojaeefard E, Bakhshayeshkaram M et al (2023) Hip structural analysis, trabecular bone score, and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a multi-center cross-sectional study in the South of Iran. Arch Osteoporos 18(1):98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-023-01310-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen HL, Deng LL, Li JF (2013) Prevalence of osteoporosis and its associated factors among older men with type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2013:285729. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/285729

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang G, Chen X, Chen Y et al (2023) Causal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization study in an East Asian population. Osteoporos Int 34(10):1719–1727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-023-06807-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmad OS, Leong A, Miller JA et al (2017) A Mendelian randomization study of the effect of Type-2 diabetes and glycemic traits on bone mineral density. J Bone Min Res 32(5):1072–1081. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3063

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ma L, Oei L, Jiang L et al (2012) Association between bone mineral density and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Epidemiol 27(5):319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-012-9674-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee CY, Back GY, Lee SH (2021) Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and lumbar bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Asian Spine J 15(6):721–727. https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2021.0099

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bilha SC, Leustean L, Preda C, Branisteanu DD, Mihalache L, Ungureanu MC (2021) Bone mineral density predictors in long-standing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 21(1):156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00815-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf B et al (2021) Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA 326(16):1614–1621. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.18236

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suzuki K, Hatzikotoulas K, Southam L et al (2024) Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. Nature 627(8003):347–357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07019-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahajan A, Spracklen CN, Zhang W et al (2022) Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation. Nat Genet 54(5):560–572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01058-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Medina-Gomez C, Kemp JP, Trajanoska K et al (2018) Life-Course Genome-wide association study Meta-analysis of total body BMD and assessment of Age-Specific effects. Am J Hum Genet 102(1):88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Thompson SG (2011) Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 40(3):755–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ (2011) Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol 40(3):740–752. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papadimitriou N, Dimou N, Tsilidis KK et al (2020) Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Nat Commun 11(1):597. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14389-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li GH, Cheung CL, Au PC, Tan KC, Wong IC, Sham PC (2020) Positive effects of low LDL-C and Statins on bone mineral density: an integrated epidemiological observation analysis and Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 49(4):1221–1235. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz145

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun JY, Zhang H, Zhang Y et al (2021) Impact of serum calcium levels on total body bone mineral density: A Mendelian randomization study in five age strata. Clin Nutr 40(5):2726–2733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma W, Zhou X, Huang X, Xiong Y (2023) Causal relationship between body mass index, type 2 diabetes and bone mineral density: Mendelian randomization. PLoS ONE 18(10):e0290530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290530

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu D, Chen Y, Gao X et al (2023) The genetically predicted causal relationship of inflammatory bowel disease with bone mineral density and osteoporosis: evidence from two-sample Mendelian randomization. Front Immunol 14:1148107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148107

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central