Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, et al. Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension. 2018;72:e53–e90. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment practical approach. Eur J Intern Med. 2024;123:23–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muxfeldt ES, Margallo VS, Guimarães GM, Salles GF. Prevalence and associated factors of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:1069–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC, Sousa MG, de Paula LK, Amaro AC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58:811–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179788.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed AM, Nur SM, Xiaochen Y. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1200952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1200952.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Souza F, Muxfeldt ES, Margallo V, Cortez AF, Cavalcanti AH, Salles GF. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on aldosterone excretion in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and resistant hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2017;35:837–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koo P, Muntner P, Hall ME, Gjelsvik A, McCool FD, Eaton CB. Relationship between risks for obstructive sleep apnea, resistant hypertension, and aldosterone among African American adults in the jackson heart study. Am J Hypertens. 2022;35:875–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpac091.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dudenbostel T, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea and aldosterone. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26:281–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2011.47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aboussouan LS, Bhat A, Coy T, Kominsky A. Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea: CPAP and beyond. Cleve Clin J Med. 2023;90:755–65. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.90a.23032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martínez-García MA, Capote F, Campos-Rodríguez F, Lloberes P, Díaz de Atauri MJ, Somoza M, et al. Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: the HIPARCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:2407–15. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281250.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muxfeldt ES, Margallo V, Costa LM, Guimarães G, Cavalcante AH, Azevedo JC, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on clinic and ambulatory blood pressures in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65:736–42. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04852.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, de Paula LKG, Amaro ACS, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi-Filho G. Effects of OSA treatment on BP in patients with resistant hypertension: a randomized trial. Chest. 2013;144:1487–94. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0085.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Labarca G, Schmidt A, Dreyse J, Jorquera J, Enos D, Torres G, et al. Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and resistant hypertension (RH): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;58:101446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101446.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Torres G, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Gracia-Lavedan E, Benitez ID, Martinez D, Dalmases M, et al. Long-term effect of obstructive sleep apnoea management on blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: the SARAH study. Eur Respir J. 2024;64:2400269. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00269-2024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navarro-Soriano C, Torres G, Barbé F, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Mañas P, Lloberes P, et al. The HIPARCO-2 study: long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: a multicenter prospective study. J Hypertens. 2021;39:302–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002664.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mediano O, González Mangado N, Montserrat JM, Alonso-Álvarez ML, Almendros I, Alonso-Fernández A, et al. International consensus document on obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58:52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of hypertension endorsed by the European renal association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 international society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334–57. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones CR, Taylor K, Chowienczyk P, Poston L, Shennan AH. A validation of the Mobil O Graph (version 12) ambulatory blood pressure monitor. Blood Press Monit. 2000;5:233–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126097-200008000-00007.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Parati G, O’Brien E, Januszewicz A, Lurbe E, et al. 2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2021;39:1293–302. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002843.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP, et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:263–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Yu W, Gao M, Zhang F, Gu C, Yu Y, et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on endothelial function, arterial stiffening, and serum inflammatory markers: an updated meta-analysis and metaregression of 18 studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e002454. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002454.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phillips CL, Yang Q, Williams A, Roth M, Yee BJ, Hedner JA, et al. The effect of short-term withdrawal from continuous positive airway pressure therapy on sympathetic activity and markers of vascular inflammation in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res. 2007;16:217–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00589.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fontes-Guerra PC, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES, Salles GF. Nitroglycerin-mediated, but not flow-mediated vasodilation, is associated with blunted nocturnal blood pressure fall in patients with resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015;33:1666–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000589.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roderjan CN, Cardoso CR, Ferreira MT, Muxfeldt ES, Salles GF. Correlates of aortic stiffness progression in patients with resistant hypertension: importance of clinic and ambulatory blood pressure changes. J Hypertens. 2015;33:827–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000491. discussion 34-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun L, Chang YF, Wang YF, Xie QX, Ran XZ, Hu CY, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea: an updated meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024;26:201–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-024-01294-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao YY, Wang R, Gleason KJ, Lewis EF, Quan SF, Toth CM, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on ambulatory blood pressures in high-risk sleep apnea patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18:1899–907. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10012.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central