Collaborators GBDLRI. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1191–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-4. 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Ortqvist A. Treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2002;36:s40–53. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00309002

Article  Google Scholar 

Weckler BC, Kutzinski M, Vogelmeier CF, Schmeck B. Multiorgan sequelae following non-COVID-19 respiratory infections: a review. Infection. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-025-02519-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moore A, Cannings-John R, Butler CC, McNulty CA, Francis NA. Alternative approaches to managing respiratory tract infections: a survey of public perceptions. BJGP Open. 2021;5(2). https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2020.0124

McGowan VJ, Bambra C. COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(11):e966–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00223-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pace WD, Dickinson LM, Staton EW. Seasonal variation in diagnoses and visits to family physicians. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(5):411–7. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.73

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Low M, Almog R, Balicer RD, Liberman N, Raz R, Peretz A, et al. Infectious disease burden and antibiotic prescribing in primary care in Israel. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2018;17(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0278-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Domnich A, Lapi F, Orsi A, Lai PL, Pestarino L, Brasesco PC, et al. Exploring case definitions and the natural history of respiratory syncytial virus in adult outpatients: First-season results of the RESPIRA-50 study. J Infect Public Health. 2025;18(3):102653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102653

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guerrisi C, Steichen O, Launay T, Bardoulat I, Viriot D, Francois M, et al. High incidence of pneumonia cases observed in children seen in general practice consultations during the 2023–2024 season, France. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2025;17(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-025-00159-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rueda ZV, Aguilar Y, Maya MA, Lopez L, Restrepo A, Garces C, et al. Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03235-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooke J, Llor C, Hopstaken R, Dryden M, Butler C. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in primary care: narrative review of C reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) and antibacterial use in patients who present with symptoms of RTI. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000624

Ieven M, Coenen S, Loens K, Lammens C, Coenjaerts F, Vanderstraeten A, et al. Aetiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults in primary care: a prospective study in 11 European countries. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(11):1158–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, Han DS, Ebell MH. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and Community-Acquired pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016;14(6):552–66. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1993

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teepe J, Broekhuizen BDL, Loens K, Lammens C, Ieven M, Goossens H, et al. Predicting the presence of bacterial pathogens in the airways of primary care patients with acute cough. CMAJ. 2017;189(2):E50–5. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.151364

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferrari A, Schiavetti I, Ogliastro M, Minet C, Sibilio R, Giberti I, et al. Co-detection of respiratory pathogens among ILI patients: characterization of samples collected during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 pre-pandemic seasons. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):881. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09687-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Meng D, Huang H, Feng L, Li Y, Jiang Y, et al. A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in Southern China. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10500-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cui S, Guo R, Chen C, Zhang Y, Meng J, Liu L, et al. Next-Generation sequencing for characterizing respiratory tract Virome and improving detection of viral pathogens in children with pneumonia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2024;18(8):e13362. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13362

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sahajpal NS, Mondal AK, Njau A, Petty Z, Chen J, Ananth S, et al. High-Throughput Next-Generation sequencing respiratory viral panel: A diagnostic and epidemiologic tool for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Viruses. 2021;13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102063

Mills DC, Huder JB, Bloemberg GV, Huber M. Comparison of three cartridge-based platforms for syndromic testing for respiratory viruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;109(3):116308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116308

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buchan BW, Armand-Lefevre L, Anderson N. Molecular diagnosis of pneumonia (Including multiplex Panels). Clin Chem. 2021;68(1):59–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvab143

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riano-Sanchez LF, Alvarez-Moreno CA, Godoy M, Sierra CR, Castaneda MI, Cortes JA. Multiplex PCR pneumonia panel in critically ill patients did not modify mortality: A cohort study. Antibiot (Basel). 2025;14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14030245

Virk A, Strasburg AP, Kies KD, Donadio AD, Mandrekar J, Harmsen WS, et al. Rapid multiplex PCR panel for pneumonia in hospitalised patients with suspected pneumonia in the USA: a single-centre, open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(12):100928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00170-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dewez JE, Nijman RG, Fitchett EJA, Lynch R, de Groot R, van der Flier M, et al. Adoption of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests for the management of acute childhood infections in primary care in the Netherlands and england: a comparative health systems analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1):191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09065-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kip MMA, Hummel JM, Eppink EB, Koffijberg H, Hopstaken RM, MJ IJ, et al. Understanding the adoption and use of point-of-care tests in Dutch general practices using multi-criteria decision analysis. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0893-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eley CV, Sharma A, Lecky DM, Lee H, McNulty CAM. Qualitative study to explore the views of general practice staff on the use of point-of-care C reactive protein testing for the management of lower respiratory tract infections in routine general practice in England. BMJ Open. 2018;8(10):e023925. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023925

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lingervelder D, Koffijberg H, Emery JD, Fennessy P, Price CP, van Marwijk H, et al. How to realize the benefits of Point-of-Care testing at the general practice: A comparison of four High-Income countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022;11(10):2248–60. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.143

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westfall JM, Bonilla AO, Lapadula MC, Zingoni PL, Wong WCW, Wensaas KA, et al. Changes in primary care visits for respiratory illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational study by the international consortium of primary care big data researchers (INTRePID). Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1343646. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1343646

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camps Serra M, Cervera C, Pumarola T, Moreno A, Perello R, Torres A, et al. Virological diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(3):618–24. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00073807

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoste ME, Borek AJ, Santillo M, Roberts N, Tonkin-Crine S, Anthierens S. Point-of-care tests to manage acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of healthcare professional and patient views. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2025;80(1):29–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae349

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hruza HR, Velasquez T, Madaras-Kelly KJ, Fleming-Dutra KE, Samore MH, Butler JM. Evaluation of clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and planned behaviors related to an intervention to improve acute respiratory infection management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(6):672–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.42

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma X, Conrad T, Alchikh M, Reiche J, Schweiger B, Rath B. Can we distinguish respiratory viral infections based on clinical features? A prospective pediatric cohort compared to systematic literature review. Rev Med Virol. 2018;28(5):e1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1997

Article  PubMed