Evaluation of Demirjian staging method reproducibility and reliability for dental age estimation between eight forensic experts

Bittencourt MV, Cericato G, Franco A, Girao R, Lima APB, Paranhos L (2018) Accuracy of dental development for estimating the pubertal growth spurt in comparison to skeletal development: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 47:20170362. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20170362

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bjelopavlovic M, Zeigner A-K, Hardt J, Petrowski K (2022) Forensic Dental Age Estimation: Development of New Algorithm Based on the Minimal Necessary Databases. J Personal Med 12:1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081280

Article  Google Scholar 

Abdul Rahim AH, Davies JA, Liversidge HM et al (2023) Reliability and limitations of permanent tooth staging techniques. Forensic Sci Int 346 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111654.

Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner JM (1973) A new system of dental age assessment. Hum Biol 45:211–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/41459864

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Donno A, Angrisani C, Mele F, Introna F, Santoro V et al (2021) Dental age estimation: Demirjian’s versus the other methods in different populations. A literature review. Med Sci Law 61:125–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934253

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shoukath A, Vidigal MTC, Vieira W, Paranhos LR, Manica S, Franco A (2024) Dental age estimation methods applied to Indian children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Morphologie 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2023.100758.

Franco A, de Oliveira MN, Campos Vidigal MT, Blumenberg C, Pinheiro AA, Paranhos LR et al (2021) Assessment of dental age estimation methods applied to Brazilian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Dentomaxillofac Radiol 50:20200128. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20200128.

Rolseth V, Mosdøl A, Dahlberg PS, Ding Y, Bleka Ø, Skjerven-Martinsen M, Straumann GH, Delaveris GJM, Vist GE (2019) Age assessment by Demirjian’s development stages of the third molar: a systematic review. Eur Radiol 29:2311–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5761-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jayaraman J, Wong HM, King NM, Roberts GJ (2013) The French-Canadian data set of Demirjian for dental age estimation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 20:373–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.03.015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bedek I, Dumancic J, Lauc T, Marusic M, Cukovic-Bagic I (2020) New model for dental age estimation: Willems method applied on fewer than seven mandibular teeth. Int J Legal Med 134:735–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02066-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thevissen PW, Fieuws S, Willems G et al (2011) Third molar development: measurements versus scores as age predictor. Arch Oral Biol 56:1035-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.04.008.

Wang C, Tian Z, Wen D, Qu W, Xu R, Liu Y, Jia H, Tang X, Li J, Zha L, Liu Y et al (2023) Preliminary study on genetic factors related to Demirjian’s tooth age estimation method based on genome-wide association analysis.Int J Legal Med https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03008-y.

AlOtaibi NN, AlQahtani SJ (2023) Performance of different dental age estimation methods on Saudi children.J Forensic Odontostomatol 41:27–46.

Ramaswami TB, Rosa GCd, Fernandes MM, Oliveira RNd, Tinoco RLR et al (2020) Third molar development by Demirjian’s stages and age estimation among Brazilians. Forensic Imaging 20:200353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2020.200353.

Caggiano M, Scelza G, Amato A, Orefice R, Belli S, Pagano S, Valenti C, Martina S (2022) Estimating the 18-Year Threshold with Third Molars Radiographs in the Southern Italy Population: Accuracy and Reproducibility of Demirjian Method. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:10454

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Devi A, Keshena JR, Vidyahayati IL, Skripsa TH, Prabowo YB, Merdietio Boedi R et al (2025) Third molar assessment for legal age determination in Indonesian juveniles using Demirjian method. Morphologie 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100951..

Pinheiro A, Franco R, Makeeva I, Bueno J, Miamoto P, Franco A et al (2023) 30 years of the ABFO study: Reproduction in a Brazilian sample. Morphologie 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2023.04.001

Cohen J (1960) A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educ Psychol Meas 20:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104

Article  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (1968) Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol Bull 70:213-20 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026256

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics 33 https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310.

Corradi F, Pinchi V, Barsanti I, Garatti S et al (2013) Probabilistic Classification of Age by Third Molar Development: The Use of Soft Evidence. J Forensic Sci 58:51-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02216.x.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dhanjal KS, Bhardwaj MK, Liversidge HM (2006) Reproducibility of radiographic stage assessment of third molars. Forensic Sci Int 159:S74-S7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.020.

Kullman L, Tronje G, Teivens A, Lundholm A et al (1996) Methods of reducing observer variation in age estimation from panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 25:173–8. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.25.4.9084269

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merdietio Boedi R, Mânica S, Franco A et al (2023) Sixty years of research in dental age estimation: a bibliometric study. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 13:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-023-00360-3

Article  Google Scholar 

Ponraj S, Ramar K, Sekar R, Kasi A et al (2023) Bibliometric analysis of research on dental age estimation. J Forensic Odonto-Stomatol 41:26:44−26:44.

Angelakopoulos N, Boedi R (2025) Forensic odontology publications: insights into research trajectories and emerging trends through bibliometric study. J Stomatol 78:64–74. https://doi.org/10.5114/jos.2025.148479

Article  Google Scholar 

Akkaya N, Yilanci HÖ, Göksülük D et al (2015) Applicability of Demirjian’s four methods and Willems method for age estimation in a sample of Turkish children. Leg Med 17:355-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.04.003.

Agurto Goya H, Satake T, Maeda T, Tanaka S, Akimoto Y et al (2009) Dental age in Japanese children using a modified Demirjian method. Pediatric Dent J 19:82 − 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0917-2394(09)70157-0.

Kiran CHS, Reddy RS, Ramesh T, Madhavi NS, Ramya K et al (2015) Radiographic evaluation of dental age using Demirjian′s eight-teeth method and its comparison with Indian formulas in South Indian population. J Forensic Dent Sci 7

Perschbacher S (2012) Interpretation of panoramic radiographs. Aust Dent J 57(Suppl 1):40–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01655.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bamgbose BO, Ismail A, Yahaya AI, Oginni FO et al (2017) Diagnostic Anatomy of the Maxillofacial Region on Orthopantomograph. Nigerian J Basic Clin Sci 14:1–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-8540.204079

Article  Google Scholar 

Franco A, Moreira DD, Cidade R, Machado M, Bueno J, Malschitzky C, Boedi RM (2024) The Brazilian (FRANCO) method for dental age estimation: Willems’ model revisited. Clin Oral Investig 28:495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05869-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moorrees CF, Fanning EA, Hunt EE Jr (1963) Age Variation of Formation Stages for Ten Permanent Teeth.J Dent Res 42:1490 − 502. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345630420062701.

Willems G, Van Olmen A, Spiessens B, Carels C et al (2001) Dental age estimation in Belgian children: Demirjian’s technique revisited. J Forensic Sci 46:893–5. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS15064J

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nolla CM (1960) The development of permanent teeth. J Dent Child 27:254–66

Google Scholar 

de Paula-Silva FWG, Lemmers SAM, Le Luyer M, Stoll SJ, Hoffnagle AG, Ferrell RJ, Gamble JA, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Gurian KN, McGrath K, O’Hara MC, Smith ADAC, Dunn EC et al (2025) Inter-rater reliability of stress signatures in exfoliated primary dentition - Improving scientific rigor and reproducibility in histological data collection. PLoS One 20 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318700.

Walsh P, Thornton J, Asato J, Walker N, McCoy G, Baal J, Baal J, Mendoza N, Banimahd F et al (2014) Approaches to describing inter-rater reliability of the overall clinical appearance of febrile infants and toddlers in the emergency department. PeerJ 2. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.651

Comments (0)

No login
gif