World Health Organization Fact Sheets [Internet] (2024) [cited 2025 June 14]. Injuries and violence. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence
Kauvar DS, Wade CE (2005) The epidemiology and modern management of traumatic hemorrhage: US and international perspectives. Crit Care 9(Suppl 5):S1
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, Cantrell J, Tops T, Uribe P et al (2013) Death on the battlefield (2001–2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 74(2):705l706
Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, Coats T (2003) Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 54(6):1127–1130
MacLeod JB, Lynn M, McKenney MG, Cohn SM, Murtha M (2003) Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 55(1):39–44
Maegele M, Lefering R, Yucel N, Tjardes T, Rixen D, Paffrath T et al (2007) Early coagulopathy in multiple injury: an analysis from the German trauma registry on 8724 patients. Injury 38(3):298–304
Prudovsky I, Kacer D, Zucco VV, Palmeri M, Falank C, Kramer R et al (2022) Tranexamic acid: beyond antifibrinolysis. Transfus (Paris) 62(S1):S301–S312
Okamoto S, Okamoto U (1962) Amino-methyl-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid: AMCHA. A new potent inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Keio J Med 11(3):105–115
Haberkorn CJ, Severance CC, Wetmore NC, West WG, Ng PC, Cendali F et al (2024) Intramuscular administration of tranexamic acid in a large swine model of hemorrhage with hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 96(5):735–741
Spruce MW, Beyer CA, Caples CM, DeSoucy ES, Kashtan HW, Hoareau GL et al (2020) Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid given as an intramuscular injection compared to intravenous infusion in a swine model of ongoing hemorrhage. Shock 53(6):754–760
Warner M, Lowe J, Barnard EBG (2025) Oral tranexamic acid for immediate use in major trauma: implications for mass casualty events. Emerg Med J 42(4):271–272
American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (2018) Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) student course manual. 10th edition. Chic Am Coll Surg. ;22–41
Tucker H, Brohi K, Tan J, Aylwin C, Bloomer R, Cardigan R et al (2023) Association of red blood cells and plasma transfusion versus red blood cell transfusion only with survival for treatment of major traumatic hemorrhage in prehospital setting in England: a multicenter study. Crit Care 27(1):25
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nelson A, Berkestedt I, Schmidtchen A, Ljunggren L, Bodelsson M (2008) Increased levels of glycosaminoglycans during septic shock: relation to mortality and the antibacterial actions of plasma. Shock 30(6):623
Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Schultz MJ, Levi M, Mackersie RC et al (2008) Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 64(5):1211–1217
Moore EE, Moore HB, Kornblith LZ, Neal MD, Hoffman M, Mutch NJ et al (2021) Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primer 7(1):30
Moore HB, Moore EE, Neal MD, Sheppard FR, Kornblith LZ, Draxler DF et al (2019) Fibrinolysis shutdown in trauma: historical review and clinical implications. Anesth Analg 129(3):762–773
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moore HB (2023) Fibrinolysis shutdown and hypofibrinolysis are not synonymous terms: the clinical significance of differentiating low fibrinolytic states. Semin Thromb Hemost 49(5):433–443
Chakrabarti R, Hocking ED, Fearnley GR (1969) Reaction pattern to three stresses—electroplexy, surgery, and myocardial infarction—of fibrinolysis and plasma fibrinogen. J Clin Pathol 22(6):659–662
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Urano T, Suzuki Y, Iwaki T, Sano H, Honkura N, Castellino FJ (2019) Recognition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 as the primary regulator of fibrinolysis. Curr Drug Targets 20(16):1695–1701
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
CRASH-2 trial collaborators Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2010 July 3;376(9734):23–32
Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur H, Ageron FX, Roberts I et al (2018) Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet 391(10116):125–132
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guyette FX, Brown JB, Zenati MS, Early-Young BJ, Adams PW, Eastridge BJ et al (2021) Tranexamic acid during prehospital transport in patients at risk for hemorrhage after injury: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 156(1):11–20
The PATCH-Trauma Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group (2023) Prehospital Tranexamic acid for severe trauma. N Engl J Med 13(2):127–136
Neeki MM, Dong F, Toy J, Vaezazizi R, Powell J, Wong D et al (2018) Tranexamic acid in civilian trauma care in the California prehospital antifibrinolytic therapy study. West J Emerg Med 19(6):977–986
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Morrison JJ, Dubose JJ, Rasmussen TE, Midwinter MJ (2012) Military application of Tranexamic acid in trauma emergency resuscitation (MATTERs) study. Arch Surg 147(2):113–119
CRASH-3 trial collaborators (2019) Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 394(10210):1713–1723
Eckert MJ, Wertin TM, Tyner SD, Nelson DW, Izenberg S, Martin MJ (2014) Tranexamic acid administration to pediatric trauma patients in a combat setting: the pediatric trauma and tranexamic acid study (PED-TRAX). J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77(6):852
Nam JS, Oh CS, Kim JY, Choi DK, Oh AR, Park J et al (2024) A multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority study to compare the efficacy of goal-directed Tranexamic acid administration based on viscoelastic test versus preemptive Tranexamic acid administration on postoperative bleeding in cardiovascular surgery (GDT trial). Trials 27;25(1):623
Schöchl H, Maegele M, Solomon C, Görlinger K, Voelckel W (2012) Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20(1):15
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Da Luz LT, Nascimento B, Rizoli S (2013) Thrombelastography (TEG): practical considerations on its clinical use in trauma resuscitation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21(1):29
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Whiting D, DiNardo JA (2014) TEG and ROTEM: technology and clinical applications. Am J Hematol 89(2):228–232
Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, Francis S, Vela-Cantos F, Ergin MA (1999) Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 88(2):312–319
Kataria S, Juneja D, Singh O (2025) Redefining haemostasis: role of rotational thromboelastometry in critical care settings. World J Crit Care Med 9(2):102521
Moore HB, Barrett CD, Moore EE, Pieracci FM, Sauaia A (2024) Differentiating pathologic from physiologic fibrinolysis: not as simple as conventional thrombelastography. J Am Coll Surg 239(1):30
Gonzalez E, Moore EE, Moore HB, Chapman MP, Chin TL, Ghasabyan A et al (2016) Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation of trauma-induced coagulopathy: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial comparing a viscoelastic assay to conventional coagulation assays. Ann Surg 263(6):1051–1059
Cochrane C, Chinna S, Um JY, Dias JD, Hartmann J, Bradley J et al (2020) Site-of-care viscoelastic assay in major trauma improves outcomes and is cost neutral compared with standard coagulation tests. Diagnostics 10(7):486
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lammers DT, Marenco CW, Morte KR, Bingham JR, Martin MJ, Eckert MJ (2020) Viscoelastic testing in combat resuscitation: is it time for a new standard? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89(1):145–152
Baksaas-Aasen K, Gall LS, Stensballe J, Juffermans NP, Curry N, Maegele M et al (2021) Viscoelastic haemostatic assay augmented protocols for major trauma haemorrhage (ITACTIC): a randomized, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 47(1):49–59
Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP (1994) A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 331(24
Comments (0)