Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae281.
Kazi DS, Elkind MSV, Deutsch A, et al. Forecasting the economic burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;150:e89–101.
Luengo-Fernandez R, Walli-Attaei M, Gray A, et al. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the European Union: a population-based cost study. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:4752–67.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pinto FJ, Harding E, Fenton O. A manifesto from Global Heart Hub for early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2024;46:339–40.
Ademi Z, Ackerman IN, Zomer E, et al. Productivity-adjusted life-years: a new metric for quantifying disease burden. Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39:271–3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shih K, Herz N, Sheikh A, et al. Economic burden of cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom (UK). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2025;11(5):678–90.
Krol M, Papenburg J, van Exel J. Does including informal care in economic evaluations matter? A systematic review of inclusion and impact of informal care in cost-effectiveness studies. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33:123–35.
Espinola N, Pichon-Riviere A, Casarini A, et al. Making visible the cost of informal caregivers’ time in Latin America: a case study for major cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases in eight countries. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:28.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Luengo-Fernandez R, Little M, Gray A, et al. Cardiovascular disease burden due to productivity losses in European Society of Cardiology countries. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2024;10:36–44.
Marquina C, Talic S, Vargas-Torres S, et al. Future burden of cardiovascular disease in Australia: impact on health and economic outcomes between 2020 and 2029. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;29:1212–9.
Howse E CP, Rychetnik L, Wilson A. The value of prevention: an evidence check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute for the Centre for Population Health. Sydney. https://preventioncentre.org.au/resources/the-value-of-prevention/. Accessed: 27/23/2025.
AbdulRaheem Y. Unveiling the significance and challenges of integrating prevention levels in healthcare practice. J Prim Care Community Health. 2023;14:1–6.
Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet. 2018;392:1269–78.
Sims KD, Wei PC, Penko JM, et al. Projected impact of nonpharmacologic management of stage 1 hypertension among lower-risk US adults. medRxiv. 2023.
Shiell A, Garvey K, Kavanagh S, et al. How do we fund public health in Australia? How should we? Aust NZ J Public Health. 2024;48:100187.
Schwappach DLB, Boluarte TA, Suhrcke M. The economics of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease—a systematic review of economic evaluations. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2007;5:5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oude Wolcherink MJ, Behr CM, Pouwels X, et al. Health economic research assessing the value of early detection of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41:1183–203.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ademi Z, Morton JI, Liew D, et al. Integrating the biology of cardiovascular disease into the epidemiology of economic decision modelling via Mendelian randomisation. Pharmacoeconomics. 2022;40:1033–42.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gebreslassie M, Sampaio F, Nystrand C, et al. Economic evaluations of public health interventions for physical activity and healthy diet: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2020;136:106100.
Briggs ACK, Sculpher M. Decision modelling for health economic evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
Marquina C, Zomer E, Vargas-Torres S, et al. Novel treatment strategies for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of cost-effectiveness. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38:1095–113.
Pratt N VC, Camacho X, Donnolley N, Pearson S. Optimising the availability and use of real world data and real world evidence to support health technology assessment in Australia. The University of New South Wales. Sydney. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/hta-policy-and-methods-review-optimising-the-availability-and-use-of-real-world-data-and-real-world-evidence-to-support-health-technology-assessment?language=en. Accessed: 7/8/2025.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE real-world evidence framework. Corporate document. 2022. 23 June 2022. Contract No.: Corporate document [ECD9]. https://www.nice.org.uk/corporate/ecd9. Accessed: 7/8/2025.
Gomes M, Turner AJ, Sammon C, et al. Acceptability of using real-world data to estimate relative treatment effects in health technology assessments: barriers and future steps. Value Health. 2024;27:623–32.
Ogilvie D, Adams J, Bauman A, et al. Using natural experimental studies to guide public health action: turning the evidence-based medicine paradigm on its head. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020;74:203.
Claire R, Elvidge J, Hanif S, et al. Advancing the use of real world evidence in health technology assessment: insights from a multi-stakeholder workshop. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1289365.
Ademi Z, Norman R, Pang J, et al. Health economic evaluation of screening and treating children with familial hypercholesterolemia early in life: many happy returns on investment? Atherosclerosis. 2020;304:1–8.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Ademi Z, Norman R, Pang J, et al. Cost-effectiveness and return on investment of a nationwide case-finding program for familial hypercholesterolemia in children in the Netherlands. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177:625–32.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Morton JI, Marquina C, Lloyd M, et al. Lipid-lowering strategies for primary prevention of coronary heart disease in the UK: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2024;42:91–107.
Marquina C, Morton J, Zomer E, et al. Lost therapeutic benefit of delayed low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control in statin-treated patients and cost-effectiveness analysis of lipid-lowering intensification. Value Health. 2023;26:498–507.
Morton JI, Liew D, Watts GF, et al. Immediate versus 5-year risk-guided initiation of treatment for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease for Australians aged 40 years: a health economic analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2025;43:331–49.
Morton JI, Liew D, Ademi Z. A causal model for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: the health economic model for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Value Health. 2024;27:1743–52.
Harrison S, Dixon P, Jones HE, et al. Long-term cost-effectiveness of interventions for obesity: a Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Med. 2021;18:e1003725.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Squires H, Chilcott J, Akehurst R, et al. A systematic literature review of the key challenges for developing the structure of public health economic models. Int J Public Health. 2016;61:289–98.
Squires H, Kelly MP, Gilbert N, et al. The PHEM-B toolbox of methods for incorporating the influences on behaviour into public health economic models. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2794.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomas C, Brennan A, Goka E, et al. What are the cost-savings and health benefits of improving detection and management for six high cardiovascular risk conditions in England? An economic evaluation. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e037486.
Comments (0)