Lee S, Noh S, Lee WH (2024) Association of obstructive sleep apnea and diurnal variation of cystatin C. BMC Nephrol 25(1):40

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nam EC, Chun KJ, Won JY, Kim JW, Lee WH (2022) The differences between daytime and nighttime heart rate variability may usefully predict the apnea-hypopnea index in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 18(6):1557–1563

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnaud C, Bochaton T, Pépin JL, Belaidi E (2020) Obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular consequences: pathophysiological mechanisms. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 113(5):350–358

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ et al (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American academy of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 8(5):597–619

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rha MS, Jeong Y, Alyahya KA, Yoon JH, Kim CH, Cho HJ (2023) Comparison of clinical features and surgical outcomes between hypopnea- and apnea-predominant obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Otolaryngol 48(2):167–174

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sleep-related breathing (1999) Disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The report of an American academy of sleep medicine task force. Sleep 22(5):667–689

Article  Google Scholar 

Hla KM, Young T, Hagen EW et al (2015) Coronary heart disease incidence in sleep disordered breathing: the Wisconsin sleep cohort study. Sleep 38(5):677–684

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li A, Roveda JM, Powers LS, Quan SF (2022) Obstructive sleep apnea predicts 10-year cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the sleep heart health study: a machine learning approach. J Clin Sleep Med 18(2):497–504

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JW, Kwon SO, Lee WH (2020) Nocturnal heart rate variability may be useful for determining the efficacy of mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep 10(1):1030

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Narkiewicz K, Montano N, Cogliati C et al (1998) Altered cardiovascular variability in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 98(11):1071–1077

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jurysta F, van de Borne P, Migeotte PF et al (2003) A study of the dynamic interactions between sleep EEG and heart rate variability in healthy young men. Clin Neurophysiol 114(11):2146–2155

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baharav A, Kotagal S, Gibbons V et al (1995) Fluctuations in autonomic nervous activity during sleep displayed by power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. Neurology 45(6):1183–1187

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF (2010) The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol 141(2):122–131

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shanks J, Herring N (2013) Peripheral cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity in cardiovascular disease: role of neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305(12):R1411–R1420

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sessa F, Anna V, Messina G et al (2018) Heart rate variability as predictive factor for sudden cardiac death. Aging 10(2):166–177

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heart rate variability (1996) : standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Circulation 93(5):1043–1065

Google Scholar 

Kim TS, Won JY, Nam EC et al (2025) Allergic rhinitis may attenuate the sympathovagal imbalances in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea: pilot study using a heart rate variability analysis. Sleep Breath 29(1):69

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Z, Jiang F, Xiao J et al (2023) Heart rate variability changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 32(1):e13708

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Punjabi NM (2016) Counterpoint: is the apnea-hypopnea index the best way to quantify the severity of sleep-disordered breathing? Chest 149(1):16–19

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulkas A, Duce B, Leppänen T, Hukins C, Töyräs J (2017) Severity of desaturation events differs between hypopnea and obstructive apnea events and is modulated by their duration in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 21(4):829–835

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spector AR, Loriaux D, Farjat AE (2019) The clinical significance of apneas versus hypopneas: is there really a difference? Cureus 11(4):e4560

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu JL, Liu Y, Tangutur A et al (2021) Influence of apnea vs hypopnea predominance in predicting mean therapeutic positive airway pressures among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 17(11):2171–2178

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang AL, Cohen AP, Benke JR, Stierer KD, Stanley J, Ishman SL (2016) Obstructive sleep apnea resolution in hypopnea- versus apnea-predominant children after adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 155(4):670–675

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P, Pool J, Swenne CA, Kromhout D (1997) Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen study. Am J Epidemiol 145(10):899–908

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuji H, Venditti FJ Jr., Manders ES et al (1994) Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham heart study. Circulation 90(2):878–883

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herzig D, Eser P, Omlin X, Riener R, Wilhelm M, Achermann P (2017) Reproducibility of heart rate variability is parameter and sleep stage dependent. Front Physiol 8:1100

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiwari R, Kumar R, Malik S, Raj T, Kumar P (2021) Analysis of heart rate variability and implication of different factors on heart rate variability. Curr Cardiol Rev 17(5):e160721189770

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burr RL (2007) Interpretation of normalized spectral heart rate variability indices in sleep research: a critical review. Sleep 30(7):913–919

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nunan D, Sandercock GR, Brodie DA (2010) A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33(11):1407–1417

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar