Wierda E, Dickhoff C, Handoko ML, Oosterom L, Kok WE, de Rover Y et al (2020) Outpatient treatment of worsening heart failure with intravenous and subcutaneous diuretics: a systematic review of the literature. ESC Heart Fail 7(3):892–902

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M et al (2014) The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 63(12):1123–1133

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naik N, Narula J (2020) Heart failure in low-income and middle-income countries: failing REPORT card grades. Lancet Glob Health 8(3):e318

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta D, Georgiopoulou VV, Kalogeropoulos AP, Dunbar SB, Reilly CM, Sands JM et al (2012) Dietary sodium intake in heart failure. Circulation 126(4):479–485

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Konerman MC, Hummel SL (2014) Sodium restriction in heart failure: benefit or harm? Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 16(2):286

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM et al (2022) 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 79(17):e263–e421

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crawford H, McIntosh JF (1925) The use of urea as a diuretic in advanced heart failure. Arch Intern Med 36(4):530–541

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS et al (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M et al (2021) 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 42(36):3599–3726

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M et al (2023) 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 44(37):3627–3639

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola V-P, Mebazaa A, Brunner-La Rocca H-P, Martens P et al (2019) The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion — a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 21(2):137–155

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM (2020) Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 75(10):1178–1195

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A (2002) Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 82(2):149–158

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Faris RF, Flather M, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ (2012) Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:Cd003838

Google Scholar 

Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A (2002) Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 82(2):149–158

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wintrich J, Kindermann I, Ukena C, Selejan S, Werner C, Maack C et al (2020) Therapeutic approaches in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: past, present, and future. Clin Res Cardiol 109(9):1079–1098

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, Amin VJ, Bozkurt B, Butler J et al (2019) 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure. A report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 74(15):1966–2011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trullàs J-C, Casado J, Morales-Rull J-L, Formiga F, Conde-Martel A, Quirós R et al (2019) Prevalence and outcome of diuretic resistance in heart failure. Intern Emerg Med 14:529–537

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ter Maaten JM, Valente MA, Damman K, Hillege HL, Navis G, Voors AA (2015) Diuretic response in acute heart failure-pathophysiology, evaluation, and therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 12(3):184–192

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah N, Madanieh R, Alkan M, Dogar MU, Kosmas CE, Vittorio TJ (2017) A perspective on diuretic resistance in chronic congestive heart failure. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 11(10):271–278

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zafar MR, Miller TW, Mustafa SF, Al-Khafaji N (2020) Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for volume overload in acute decompensated congestive heart failure: a review article. Cureus 12(2):e6952

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellison DH (1991) The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance. Ann Intern Med 114(10):886–894

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kissling KT, Pickworth KK (2013) Synergistic blockade for diuretic resistance in heart failure: comparable outcomes with oral hydrochlorothiazide or intravenous chlorothiazide. J Card Fail 19(8):S49

Article  Google Scholar 

Jentzer JC, DeWald TA, Hernandez AF (2010) Combination of loop diuretics with thiazide-type diuretics in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(19):1527–1534

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ellison DH (1999) Diuretic resistance: physiology and therapeutics. Semin Nephrol 19(6):581–597

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shah N, Madanieh R, Alkan M, Dogar MU, Kosmas CE, Vittorio TJ (2017) A perspective on diuretic resistance in chronic congestive heart failure. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 11(10):271–278

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chatur S, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, Vardeny O, Desai AS, Jhund PS et al (2023) Dapagliflozin and diuretic utilization in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: the DELIVER trial. Eur Heart J 44(31):2930–2943

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Umeh CA, Mohta T, Kaur G, Truong R, Darji P, Vue C et al (2024) Acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: insights from recent trials. Cardiol Res 15(2):69–74

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferreira JP, Eschalier R, Duarte K, Damman K, Gustafsson F, Schou M et al (2020) Reduced diuretic dose in patients treated with eplerenone. Circulation: Heart Fail 13(5):e006597

Google Scholar 

Testani JM, Hanberg JS, Cheng S, Rao V, Onyebeke C, Laur O et al (2016) Rapid and highly accurate prediction of poor loop diuretic natriuretic response in patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 9(1):e002370

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Testani J, Collins S (2019) Diuretic resistance in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 16(2):57–66

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schwinger RH, Erdmann E (1992) Heart failure and electrolyte disturbances. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 14(4):315–325

PubMed  CAS