Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Opioid agonist therapy. 2016 [cited 2022 April 3, 2022]. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/oat-info-for-clients.pdf.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Medications to treat opioid use disorder research report. 2018 [cited 2022 April 3, 2022]. https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/21349/medications-to-treat-opioid-use-disorder-research-report.pdf?v=99088f7584dac93ddcfa98648065bfbe.

Pathan H, Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):11–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalal S, et al. Buprenorphine for chronic pain: a safer alternative to traditional opioids. Health Psychol Res. 2021;9(1):27241.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar R, Viswanath O, Saadabadi A. Buprenorphine. StatPearls 2023 June 8, 2024 [cited 2024 December 12, 2024]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459126/.

Wakeman SE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of different treatment pathways for opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2): e1920622.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sordo L, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357: j1550.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Domzaridou E, et al. Non-fatal overdose risk during and after opioid agonist treatment: a primary care cohort study with linked hospitalisation and mortality records. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022;22: 100489.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pearce LA, et al. Opioid agonist treatment and risk of mortality during opioid overdose public health emergency: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;368: m772.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karki P, et al. The impact of methadone maintenance treatment on HIV risk behaviors among high-risk injection drug users: a systematic review. Evid Based Med Public Health. 2016;2: e1229.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittal ML, et al. Opioid agonist treatment and the process of injection drug use initiation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;197:354–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittal ML, et al. History of medication-assisted treatment and its association with initiating others into injection drug use in San Diego, CA. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2017;12(1):42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tookes H, et al. A cost analysis of hospitalizations for infections related to injection drug use at a county safety-net hospital in Miami, Florida. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6): e0129360.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kendall CE, et al. A cohort study examining emergency department visits and hospital admissions among people who use drugs in Ottawa, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marks M, et al. Needles and the damage done: reasons for admission and financial costs associated with injecting drug use in a Central London Teaching Hospital. J Infect. 2013;66(1):95–102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takahashi TA, et al. Predictors of hospitalization for injection drug users seeking care for soft tissue infections. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(3):382–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lewer D, Harris M, Hope V. Opiate injection-associated skin, soft tissue, and vascular infections, England, UK, 1997–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(8):1400–3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dwyer R, et al. Prevalences and correlates of non-viral injecting-related injuries and diseases in a convenience sample of Australian injecting drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(1–2):9–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Topp L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of injecting-related injury and disease among clients of Australia’s needle and syringe programs. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(1):34–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blome A, et al. Emergency department medication dispensing reduces return visits and admissions. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(11):2387–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doran J, et al. Factors associated with skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs in the United Kingdom: a comparative examination of data from two surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213: 108080.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barocas JA, et al. Impact of medications for opioid use disorder among persons hospitalized for drug use-associated skin and soft tissue infections. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;215: 108207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jawa R, et al. Association of skin infections with sharing of injection drug preparation equipment among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;94: 103198.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wright T, et al. Prevalence and severity of abscesses and cellulitis, and their associations with other health outcomes, in a community-based study of people who inject drugs in London, UK. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7): e0235350.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kenny KS, et al. Association of illicit fentanyl use with injection risk practices among people who inject drugs. AIDS Behav. 2023;27(6):1757–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scheim AI, et al. The Ontario integrated supervised injection services cohort study of people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto): cohort profile. J Urban Health. 2021;98(4):538–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouchard M, et al. Estimating the size of the fentanyl market in British Columbia. 2020.

Marks C, et al. Opioid agonist treatment scale-up and the initiation of injection drug use: a dynamic modeling analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(11): e1002973.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brothers TD, et al. Opioid agonist treatment and risk of death or rehospitalization following injection drug use-associated bacterial and fungal infections: a cohort study in New South Wales, Australia. PLoS Med. 2022;19(7): e1004049.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colledge-Frisby S, et al. The impact of opioid agonist treatment on hospitalisations for injecting-related diseases among an opioid dependent population: a retrospective data linkage study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;236: 109494.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yakovenko I, et al. Management of opioid use disorder: 2024 update to the national clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2024;196(38):E1280–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dasgupta N, et al. Post-marketing surveillance of methadone and buprenorphine in the United States. Pain Med. 2010;11(7):1078–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gottlieb DJ, et al. A comparison of mortality rates for buprenorphine versus methadone treatments for opioid use disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023;147(1):6–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Degenhardt L, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10(6):386–402.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim J, et al. Relative effectiveness of medications for opioid-related disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(3): e0266142.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central