Mehmet A. Bilen is a professor at Emory University School of Medicine and has acted as a paid consultant for and/or as a member of the advisory boards of Exelixis, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Calithera Biosciences, Genomic Health, Nektar, EMD Serono, SeaGen, and Sanofi; and has received grants to his institution from Xencor, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, SeaGen, Incyte, Nektar, AstraZeneca, Tricon Pharmaceuticals, Genome & Company, AAA, Peloton Therapeutics, and Pfizer for work performed as outside of the current study. Sabree Burbage and Ibrahim Khilfeh are employees and stockholders of Johnson & Johnson. Carmine Rossi, Lilian Diaz, Yuxi Wang, and Dominic Pilon are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson, which funded the development and conduct of this study and manuscript. Gordon Brown is an employee of New Jersey Urology and has received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson. Neal Shore is an employee of the START Carolinas/Carolina Urologic Research Center and has received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Bayer, Dendreon, Tolmar, Ferring, Medivation/Astellas, Amgen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, AbbVie, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb/Sanofi, Exact Imaging, FerGene, InVitae, MDxHealth, Myriad Genetics, Propella Therapeutics, Genzyme, Sanofi, CG Oncology, Genesis Cancer Care, Urogen pharma, Speciality Networks, PeerView, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Lantheus Medical Imaging, Lilly, Photocure, Telix Pharmaceuticals, AIkido Pharma, Arquer Diagnostics, Asieris Pharmaceuticals, Minomic, Novartis, PlatformQ Health, Promaxo, Protara Therapeutics, Fize Medical, Accord Research, Antev, Aura Biosciences, Bioprotect, and Sumitomo Pharma Oncology. Neal Shore has received research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Clovis Oncology, Dendreon, Exact Imaging, Ferring, Foundation Medicine, InVitae, Janssen, MDxHealth, Merck, Myovant Sciences, Myriad Genetics, Nymox, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sesen Bio, Tolmar, CG Oncology, DisperSol, FORMA Therapeutics, Guardant Health, Jiangsu Yahong Meditech, Novartis, Pacific Edge, POINT Biopharma, Propella Therapeutics, SeaGen, MT Group, Theralase, Veru, Zenflow, Advantagene, Aragon Pharmaceuticals, Endocyte, Exelixis, FKD Therapies, Genentech, Istari Oncology, Medivation, OncoCellMDx, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Palette Life Sciences, Plexxikon, RhoVac, Steba Biotech, Urogen pharma, Urotronic, US Biotest, and Vaxiion for work performed outside of the current study. Benjamin Lowentritt is an employee of Chesapeake Urology and has received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Dendreon, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Merck, Tolmar, AbbVie, Pfizer, and Myovant Sciences. Daniel W. Lin is an employee of the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Janssen, and Lantheus and research funding to the institution from MDxHealth, MagForce USA, and Veracyte.

The study was considered exempt research under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4) as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514.